Complications
In spite of careful management of the diabetes, complications may occur. One of the most common (and one that
family members should know how to treat) is hypoglycemia, a low level of blood glucose. It may result from taking
too much insulin, failing to keep to the diet or prolonged muscular exertion. The onset of hypoglycemia is usually
gradual, with symptoms that include sweating, nervous irritability and a tingling tongue. There is time to counteract
it by taking sugar or some other quick-energy food. Sometimes, however, a patient will become confused and even
aggressive. Occasionally, the onset is sudden and the diabetic slips quickly into unconsciousness. In such cases,
glucose should be quickly injected into a vein. Hypoglycemia may be life-threatening, but in most cases the patient
will recover. Because of the possibility of an attack occurring when you are among strangers, you should carry a
card explaining your condition and detailing what should be done in an emergency. Wearing a Medic-alert bracelet is
an additional safeguard.
Another common complication of diabetes is hyperglycemia, which is excessive sugar in the blood. Hyperglycemia coma
comes on slowly, over several hours or even days. It occurs when the body uses fat as a substitute for glucose to
provide energy; as a result, acidic compounds (ketones) are formed. Drowsiness, incessant urination and intense
thirst are early symptoms.
Arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is also somewhat more common in diabetics than in others. There also
may be some loss of sensation in the legs and feet, which can result in unperceived injury to the skin or joints.
You should take good care of your feet, wear well-fitting shoes and cut your toenails carefully.
The eyes may also be affected by diabetes. Diabetics often suffer repeated bleeding into the retina, leading to the
formation of scar tissue. Diabetes also may promote the formation of cataracts. All diabetics should have frequent
eye examinations. New treatments, including the use of lasers, are reducing the incidence of blindness resulting from
diabetes.
Summing up
Once the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes is confirmed, and proper treatment is begun, most diabetics are able
to lead normal, productive lives. Although regular insulin injections and self-discipline are vital in controlling the
disease, diabetes should not be allowed to dominate day-to-day living.
